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A comma in writing is like a pause inside a sentence when speaking. We use commas inside sentences. Commas separate parts of a sentence into logical elements. Commas have no meaning, but they help us to see the structure and therefore the meaning of the sentence.
Put a space after a comma. Do not put a space before a comma.
xxx, xxx
1. Use a comma between items in a series or list. In a sentence, the last two items usually do not need a comma between them as they are separated by 'and'. However, if one or both of the last two items are long, a comma may be useful.
- coffee, tea, sugar, milk, eggs, butter, salt
- My favourite sports are football, rugby, swimming, boxing and golf.
- Hunsa was wearing blue jeans, black shoes, his brand new white shirt, and a brown and green cap.
2. Use a comma between three or more adjectives or adverbs.
- I like the old, brown, wooden table.
- He bought an old, red, open-top Volkswagen.
- He ran quickly, quietly and effortlessly.
3. For two adjectives, use a comma where you could use 'and'.
- It was a short, simple film. (It was a short and simple film.)
- I have a big black dog. (
I have a big and black dog.)
4. Use a comma for numbers over 999. (In English, commas separate thousands and periods separate decimals. Note that some languages use the opposite system.)
- 1,000 (one thousand)
- 1,569
- $73,050.75
- 2,000,000
- 3,400,500
- 10.5 (ten point five or ten and a half) - note the use of the period, not comma
5. Use a comma for addresses, some dates, and titles following a name.
- 911 Avenue Mansion, Sathorn Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand
- Los Angeles, California
- November 4, 1948 (but 4 November 1948)
- Fred Ling, Professor of English
6. Use a comma before or after direct speech. Do not use a comma for reported speech.
- He said, 'I love you.'
- 'I love you,' he said.
- He told her that he loved her.
7. Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to join two independent clauses. If the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is optional.
- He didn't want to go, but he went anyway.
- I want to work as an interpreter, so I am studying Russian at university.
- She is kind so she helps people.
8. Use commas for parenthetical elements. A 'parenthetical element' is any part of a sentence that can be removed without changing the real meaning of the sentence.
- John Geton, who is chairman of the company, is quite old.
- Andrew, my wife's brother, cannot come.
- Andrew (my wife's brother) cannot come.
- The objective, to find peace in both countries, is hard to reach.
9. Use a comma after an introductory element. A comma is optional for short, simple introductory elements.
- Rushing to catch the flight, he forgot to take his phone.
- As the year came to an end, he realised the days were getting shorter.
- By evening we were getting worried.
- After a hefty meal cooked by his host's wife, he went to sleep.
- After a snack he went to sleep.
10. Sentence adverbs (words like however, unfortunately, surprisingly that modify a whole sentence) often require one or two commas, depending on their position in the sentence.
- However, Anthony did arrive.
- Anthony, however, did arrive.
- We were, unfortunately, too late.
- He had, not surprisingly, lost his temper.
11. An adverbial clause often needs a comma when it comes at the beginning of a sentence (but not at the end of a sentence).
- If I win the lottery, I will buy a castle.
- I will buy a castle if I win the lottery.
12. Do not use a comma to separate two complete sentences. In this case, use a full stop (period) or semi-colon.
- Ram wants to go out. Anthony wants to stay home.
Ram wants to go out, Anthony wants to stay home.
I have spent most of the day putting in a comma and the rest of the day taking it out.Oscar Wilde
The Guardian just published this on their “FIFA in crisis” live blog:
Transparency International, the global anti-corruption organisation, has joined the Football Association in demanding Fifa postpone the uncontested election that will extend Sepp Blatter’s presidency to a fourth term.
Sylvia Schenk, a lawyer and former senior executive of the International Cycling Union (UCI) has called for a full investigation of the corruption allegations that have beset football’s world governing body.
“Free and fair elections cannot take place when there is a suspicion that voters may have been swayed,” said Schenk, who acts as TI’s senior advisor on sport, in a statement. “Two major figures in football politics have been suspended recently for alleged vote-buying. Fifa delegates know that they must clean house if their vote is to have legitimacy. Advantages the oni site officiel.
“All eyes in world football are upon the Fifa delegates. Fifa should be setting a better example to its billions of supporters and especially to young fans that look to the sport for inspiration and role models.
“Because the proceedings of Fifa’s ethics committee have thus far been shrouded in secrecy, the investigation should be carried out externally to guarantee impartiality, transparency and accountability.”
Like the FA’s chairman, David Bernstein, TI has called on Fifa to set up an “empowered ombudsman” to oversee its activities from an independent perspective. Schenk believes there should also be strengthened auditing and transparency regulations, while reviewing its existing ethics code.
TI clearly understands how the lack of accountability required of associations in receipt of Fifa’s central development funds can be a powerful electioneering tool.
Yesterday at Fifa House Blatter came under fire from international media for handing US$1m to the Concacaf confederation for development projects of its own choosing only four weeks from the presidential election. At that time it was due to be contested by the Asian Football Confederation president, Mohamed Bin Hammam, who has since been suspended.
Concacafempty Spaces The Blog Examples
TI has also called for “compliance clauses for all contracts, including FIFA’s financial support for member federations,” as well as a “review [of] the tender and awarding procedure of events as well as TV-rights and sponsorship contracts.”
Read more on TI and football on our website and on the blog.
Photo credit: flickr/beefy_n1